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The paper explores the performance of LLMs in the context of multi-dimensional analytic writing assessments, i.e. their ability to provide both scores and comments based on multiple assessment criteria. Using a corpus of literature reviews written by L2 graduate students and assessed by human experts against 9 analytic criteria, we prompt several popular LLMs to perform the same task under various conditions. To evaluate the quality of feedback comments, we apply a novel feedback comment quality evaluation framework. This framework is interpretable, cost-efficient, scalable, and reproducible, compared to existing methods that rely on manual judgments. We find that LLMs can generate reasonably good and generally reliable multi-dimensional analytic assessments. We release our corpus and code\footnote{\url{https://github.com/jaaack-wang/multi-dimensional-analytic-writing-assessments}.} for reproducibility.more » « less
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This report presents the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) data generated by scanning sediment cores from International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 401 Site U1611 in the Alborán Sea as part of the Investigating Miocene Mediterranean–Atlantic Gateway Exchange (IMMAGE) Land-2-Sea drilling project. The main goal of Expedition 401 was to investigate the paleoclimate and paleoceanographic impact of changes in the Mediterranean–Atlantic gateway during the Late Miocene. Site U1611 is located on the eastern side of the Gibraltar Strait, the present-day gateway. The recovered succession is a nearly continuous record of sediment before, during, and after the formation of a salt giant in the Mediterranean, the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC; 5.33–5.97 Ma). XRF scanning of these sediment cores at very high resolution (ranging 2 mm to 5 cm) produces semiquantitative elemental abundance data providing geochemical information about paleoceanographic changes through time. These data show moderate positive correlation between terrigenous elements (e.g., Al strongly positively correlated to Si and Ti) and weak negative correlations between terrigenous and biogenic elements. In contrast with the well-developed orbital cyclicity visible in many Late Miocene Mediterranean successions, the XRF data from these cores lack obvious cyclicity. This is likely due to the Alborán Basin's complicated depositional environment, which consists of a mixture of gravity flows and thinly laminated pelagic/hemipelagic sediments. These new data provide additional evidence that permits the reconstruction of Late Miocene paleoceanographic conditions in the Alborán Basin.more » « less
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International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 401 recovered sediment cores from Site U1610, located in the Gulf of Cádiz. This report presents semiquantitative chemical results based on high-resolution (5 cm) X-ray fluorescence (XRF) scanning of Hole U1610A Miocene to Pliocene core sections from 4.5 to 6 Ma (651–1026 m core depth below seafloor, Method A [CSF-A]). Processed element intensities (counts per second) of Al, Si, Ti, Fe, Rb, Ca, Sr, Zr, Mn, and Ba are discussed. XRF results are divided into four units with depth according to the amplitude and wavelength of cyclicities, among which clear cyclicities with 4–7 m wavelengths are observed in Unit 1. Unit 3 and the upper part of Unit 4 (middle Messinian Salinity Crisis [MSC]) have higher amplitude cyclicity, and Unit 2 (close to the Miocene/Pliocene boundary) and the lower part of Unit 4 (early MSC) have the lowest amplitude signals. The most pronounced spikes of XRF and physical properties occur in the middle of the MSC and at the onset of the MSC. Additionally, this report discusses the implications regarding terrigenous versus biogenic components. There are positive correlations between terrigenous elements (Al, Si, and Ti), but generally weak negative correlations dominate between these terrigenous elements and biogenic elements (Ca and Sr). This high-resolution data set, in conjunction with other data sets produced from Expedition 401, will help with the interpretation of the sedimentary processes and paleoclimate changes impacting the Gulf of Cádiz before, during, and after the MSC.more » « less
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International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 401 recovered 983 m of sediment from Portugal’s southwest margin in the northeast Atlantic Ocean at Site U1609 (37°22.6259′ N, 9°35.9120′ W; 1659.5 m water depth). This site was designed to recover the distal contourites deposited by the Mediterranean Overflow Water contour current from the late Miocene to the Pleistocene. We report semiquantitative elemental results from X-ray fluorescence scanning of sediment cores from Site U1609 (Holes U1609A and U1609B) scanned at a 4–5 cm resolution from ~202 to 509 m core depth below seafloor, Method A, equivalent to ~4.52 to ~7.8 Ma. Raw element intensities (in counts per second) for Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Rb, Sr, Zr, and Ba are presented here and correlated with lithofacies variations. We also identify biogenic-terrestrial input proportions and illustrate downcore cyclicity and correlation patterns between terrigenous components (Al, Si, Ti, Mn, and Ba), as well as their anticorrelations with biogenic (Ca and Sr) inputs. The cyclical variations in elemental ratios may help stratigraphic correlation between Holes U1609A and U1609B, astronomical tuning of the spliced record, and sedimentary interpretations of changes to the Mediterranean–Atlantic gateway and the bottom current circulation along the Atlantic margin of Portugal before, during, and after the Messinian Salinity Crisis.more » « less
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This report presents the results of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) scanning of sediment cores from International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 401 Site U1385, conducted as part of the Investigating Miocene Mediterranean–Atlantic Gateway Exchange (IMMAGE) Land-2-Sea drilling project. The expedition investigated Atlantic–Mediterranean exchange during the Late Miocene, focusing on the Messinian Salinity Crisis and its impact on climate and oceanography. Site U1385 is located on the Promontório dos Principes de Avis, a promontory extending west from the Portuguese margin in the northeast Atlantic, and recovered sediments from the lowermost Pliocene to the Tortonian. XRF scanning provides semiquantitative elemental data at a 2 cm resolution, revealing cyclic patterns in elemental abundances that reflect lithologies and can be correlated cyclostratigraphically with orbital cycles. These data highlight strong positive correlations among terrigenous elements (Al, Si, Ti, Mn, and Ba) and negative correlations between terrigenous and biogenic (Ca and Sr) elements. These results contribute to understanding the paleoceanographic and paleoenvironmental conditions at Site U1385 during the Upper Miocene and Lower Pliocene, providing insights into sediment provenance, diagenetic processes, and climatic variations.more » « less
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